General  Features  of  a  Park  System 
For  Chattanooga,  Tennessee 


THE  BOARD  OF  PARK  COMMISSIONERS 

BY 

JOHN  NOLEN 
LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECT 
CAMBRIDGE,  MASS." 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
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https://archive.org/details/generalfeatureso00nole_0 


ONE  OK  CHATTANOOGA'S  WORLD-FAMOUS  POINTS,  WHICH  SHOULD  NOT  REMAIN  IN  PRIVATE  HANDS 


GENERAL  FEATURES 


OF  A 

PARK  SYSTEM  FOR  CHATTANOOGA 


BY 

JOHN  NOLEN 

LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECT 
CAMBRIDGE.  MASS. 


BOSTON 

GEO.  H.  ELLIS  CO..  PRINTERS 

1911 


Stfttfr  nf  elranamittal 

To  THE  Board  of  Park  Commissioners, 

Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Gentlemen^ — I  beg  to  hand  you  herewith  the  Report  and 
General  Plan  for  a  Park  System  for  Chattanooga.  The  oppor¬ 
tunity  that  confronts  your  city  to  create  a  comprehensive 
system  of  parks  is  seldom  equalled;  but  Chattanooga  is  growing 
rapidly,  and  the  value  of  land  is  rising  even  more  rapidly. 
Therefore,  if  large  and  satisfactory  results  are  to  be  secured, 
action  must  be  prompt  and  business-like.  It  is  doubtful  if 
the  preparation  of  the  park  plans  could  have  been  undertaken 
at  a  more  opportune  time. 

Yours  very  truly, 

John  Nolen, 

Landscape  Architect. 


Cambbidge,  Mass.,  10  March,  1911. 


iimbpra  of  tt)f 
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R.  S.  FAXON,  President 
Dr.  S.  B.  cook 
Dr,  J.  B.  lee 


JOHN  NOLEN,  Landscape  Architect 


(iii  1 


“  The  life  history  of  humanity  has  proved  nothing  more  clearly 
than  that  crowded  populations^  if  they  would  live  in  health  and 
happiness,  must  have  space  for  air,  for  light,  for  exercise,  for 
rest,  and  for  the  enjoyment  of  that  peaceful  beauty  of  nature 
which,  because  it  is  the  opposite  of  the  noisy  ugliness  of  towns, 
is  so  wonderfully  refreshing  to  the  tired  souls  of  townspeople” — 
Charles  Eliot,  Landscape  Architect. 

“7  have  spoken  of  the  utilization  of  public  reservations  as  if 
they  were  to  be  expected  to  yield  only  health  and  enjoyment  and 
improved  powers  of  perception;  but  I  should  deal  with  the  subject 
very  imperfectly  if  I  did  not  point  out  that  the  right  utilization 
of  public  reservations  is  a  strong  agency  for  promoting  public 
morality  and  a  high  standard  of  family  life.  .  .  .  The  appropri¬ 
ate  pleasures  of  forest  reservations  or  country  parks  are  all  cheer¬ 
ing,  refining,  and  cleansing;  they  are  soothing  and  uplifting; 
they  separate  city  men  and  women  from  the  squalor,  tumult,  and 
transitoriness  of  the  human  ant-hill,  and  bring  them  face  to  face 
until  things  calm,  lovely,  grand,  and  enduring.” — Charles  W. 
Eliot,  President  Emeritus  Harvard  University. 


[iv] 


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BOVXTOX  PARK 


EAST  LAKE  PARK 


I.  nf  park  IGattka 


The  establishment  of  a  system  of  parks  and  pleasure 
grounds  for  a  rapidly  growing  city  is  one  of  the  most 
difficult  and  responsible  duties  that  ever  falls  to  a  city 
government,  involving  as  it  does  the  expenditure  of 
large  sums  of  money  and  the  construction  of  many  per¬ 
manent  public  works.  The  principles  which  should 
control  the  selection  of  park  lands  may  be  briefly  sum¬ 
marized  as  follows:  (1)  Accessibility  for  all  classes  of 
citizens  by  walking,  driving,  riding,  or  by  means  of 
cars.  (2)  Adaptability,  or  the  selection  of  land  possess¬ 
ing  in  the  greatest  degree  the  natural  physical  charac¬ 
teristics  necessary  for  the  particular  park  purposes  to 
be  served,  and  thus  requiring  the  least  expenditure  for 
subsequent  development.  In  this  connection  the  boun¬ 
daries  of  the  property  should  have  special  consideration. 
(3)  Economy,  or  the  selection,  so  far  as  practicable,  of 
inexpensive  lands  and  lands  which  would  least  disturb 
the  natural  growth  of  the  city.  (4)  Early  action,  or  the 
selection  of  property  for  parks  in  advance  of  the  settle¬ 
ment  of  a  neighborhood. 

AMiile  there  is  a  wide-spread  appreciation  in  American 
cities  of  the  necessity  for  a  large  increase  in  the  number 
of  parks  and  playgrounds,  few  even  of  the  more  en¬ 
lightened  communities  seem  yet  to  understand  that  these 
open  spaces  are  of  great  variety,  that  they  are  or  ought 
to  be  selected  and  designed  to  serve  radically  different 
purposes,  and  that  the  failure  to  understand  this  prin¬ 
ciple  and  to  keep  it  constantly  in  mind  leads  to  gross 
w^aste  and  inefficiency  in  our  public  grounds.  In  few 
other  phases  of  public  or  private  life  is  there  so  general 

[1] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


a  lack  of  clear  thinking.  This  is  an  important  matter, 
because  failure  to  select  sites  discriminatingly,  to  design 
them  for  specific  purposes,  and  to  confine  their  use  to 
those  purposes  is  to  lose  to  a  considerable  degree  the 
benefits  that  might  otherwise  accrue  to  the  people.  Of 
course,  it  is  true  in  this,  as  in  most  other  matters,  that  there 
is  some  overlapping.  The  purposes  are  not  absolutely 
distinct,  and  most  public  grounds  are  serviceable  in  a 
number  of  different  ways.  It  is  equally  true,  however, 
that  the  greatest  efficiency  here,  as  elsewhere,  depends 
upon  careful  planning,  upon  a  clear  and  intelligent  differ¬ 
entiation,  upon  a  recognition  that  the  ends  to  be  served 
are  different,  and  that,  therefore,  different  means  must 
usually  be  employed  to  meet  them. 

A  park  system  for  such  a  city  as  Chattanooga  should 
be  planned  comprehensively,  and  the  recreational  pur¬ 
poses  of  each  property  selected  should  be  clearly  under¬ 
stood.  The  units  of  a  park  system  are:  (1)  city  squares 
or  small  open  spaces;  (2)  playgrounds;  (3)  small  or 
neighborhood  parks;  (4)  large  outlying  parks  or  scenic 
reservations;  (5)  a  chain  of  connecting  drives  or  park¬ 
ways.  Few  American  cities  have  yet  what  can  properly 
be  called  a  comprehensive,  well  -  balanced,  and  well- 
developed  system  of  parks  and  pleasure  grounds,  but  it 
should  certainly  be  the  aim  of  park  commissioners  in 
securing  park  lands  to  select  them  with  regard  to  the 
ultimate  establishment  of  such  a  system.  The  recom¬ 
mendations  for  Chattanooga  embodied  in  this  Report 
provide  fairly  adequately  for  every  feature  except  city 
squares  and  the  large  outlying  scenic  reservations.  The 
former  it  is  probably  now  too  late  to  obtain:  the  latter 
are  unusually  well  provided  in  Chickamauga  Park  and 
the  other  parks  in  or  near  Chattanooga  belonging  to 
the  National  Government. 


[2] 


II.  IGt0t  of  J^ark  J^ropprtt^a 


The  following  is  a  list  of  existing  and  proposed  park 
properties  for  Chattanooga,  all  of  which  are  shown  on 
the  accompanying  map. 

1.  CITY  SQUARES  AND  SMALL  OPEN  PLACES 
Houston  Park 

This  is  an  existing  square  of  an  acre  or  more,  and 
is  a  type  that  should  be  duplicated  in  other  sections 
of  Chattanooga.  In  a  Southern  city  such  open  spaces 
are  even  more  needed  than  in  the  North. 

Erlanger  Park 

It  is  desirable  for  Chattanooga  to  secure  before  it 
is  too  late  some  small  parks,  like  Houston  Park,  but 
adjoining  public  or  semi-public  institutions.  A  good 
example  of  such  a  property  is  to  be  found  in  the  ten 
or  twelve  acre  tract  extending  from  the  Erlanger 
Hospital  grounds  to  East  End  Avenue  and  from  Harri¬ 
son  Avenue  to  Blackford  Street.  It  is  a  beautiful 
grove  of  native  trees,  and  would  make  a  valuable 
and  permanent  addition  to  Chattanooga’s  proposed 
park  system. 

Railroad  Approaches 

More  openness  for  use  and  appearance  is  exceedingly 
desirable  in  front  of  both  of  the  railroad  approaches 
to  Chattanooga.  It  may  be  impossible  now  to  secure 
additional  space  near  the  new  terminal  of  the  Southern 

[3] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


Railway,  but  it  ought  to  be  possible  in  the  rearrange¬ 
ment  that  appears  inevitable  at  the  Union  Station  to 
provide  for  a  Plaza  in  front  of  the  station,  and  perhaps 
a  widening  of  Ninth  Street  from  Broad  Street  to  Market, 
so  as  to  secure  an  open  place  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
city  where  it  is  imperatively  needed.  At  the  same 
time  Ninth  Street  ought  to  be  widened  all  the  way  to 
Georgia  Avenue. 

A  Plaza  in  St.  Elmo  at  the  Foot  of  the  Incline  Railway 

At  the  present  time  this  is  a  congested  and  ugly  spot, 
and  yet  it  is  one  of  the  natural  focal  points  of  Chatta¬ 
nooga.  There  should  be  a  more  liberal  opening  for 
the  traffic  which  centres  here  and  a  more  orderly¬ 
looking  approach  to  Lookout  Mountain. 

A  Public  Garden 

With  the  climate  that  Chattanooga  enjoys,  a  centrally 
located  public  garden,  such  as  that  of  Boston  or  Hali¬ 
fax,  would  afford  quiet  outdoor  pleasure  during  many 
days  of  the  year.  It  appears  difficult  now  to  secure 
land  for  this  purpose  unless  some  of  the  property  in 
the  rear  and  at  the  side  of  the  new  Municipal  Building 
can  be  had. 


2.  PLAYGROUNDS 

Public  School  Yards 

In  many  cases,  especially  in  outlying  sections,  the 
school  yards  are  liberal  in  extent,  but,  before  they  can 
be  made  valuable  for  play  and  recreation,  they  must 
be  developed  under  carefully  prepared  plans.  In 
other  cases  the  grounds  around  the  school  buildings 
are  inadequate,  but,  as  few  sections  are  yet  built  up 

[4] 


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ANDREW  JACKSON  PARK 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


closely,  these  grounds  could  be  enlarged  without  great 
cost.  School  yards  of  suitable  size  and  construction 
are  indispensable  for  recess  play  and  for  the  play 
after  school  hours  for  small  children. 

Highland  Playground 

Here  is  an  opportunity  to  get  three  full  blocks  extending 
from  Hawthorne  to  Hickory  Streets  and  from  Anderson 
to  Henderson  Streets.  It  is  relatively  level  land,  well 
located  and  admirably  adapted  for  playground  pur¬ 
poses. 

Locust  Street  Park 

In  BushtovTi  there  is  a  low-lying  tract,  extending  for 
2,500  feet  or  more  along  Citico  Street,  which  would 
make  a  useful  recreation  park  and  playground  for  the 
people  residing  in  that  section.  It  is  property  which 
is  not  adapted  for  building  purposes.  Under  private 
ownership  it  is  more  than  likely  to  become  a  nuisance. 

Playground  Sites  in  and  along  the  River  and  Creek  Parkways 

If  the  proposed  reservations  are  made  on  the  Ten¬ 
nessee  River  and  on  Chattanooga  and  South  Chicka- 
mauga  Creeks,  it  would  be  possible  to  set  aside  small, 
suitable,  and  convenient  open  spaces  for  play  purposes 
that  would  be  available  for  different  neighborhoods 
throughout  the  city. 

Olympia  Playfield 

This  70-acre  tract,  formerly  an  ‘‘amusement  park,” 
is  ideal  in  location  and  well  adapted  topographically 
for  a  central  playfield,  the  culminating  feature  in  the 
grounds  devoted  to  physical  education  and  recreation. 
The  plans  which  have  recently  been  made  for  similar 

[5] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


grounds  in  some  of  the  larger  cities,  including  a  sta¬ 
dium,  could  be  adapted  to  the  needs  of  Chattanooga, 
and  a  complete  development  gradually  secured. 


3.  SMALL  NEIGHBORHOOD  PARKS 
Boynton  Park 

Cameron  Hill,  or  Boynton  Park,  as  it  is  now  called, 
is  a  well-selected  site  for  a  small  or  neighborhood  park. 
Its  value,  however,  would  be  greatly  increased  if  the 
land  between  the  hill  and  the  river  could  be  acquired 
and  added  to  the  present  park.  Most  of  this  land  is 
steep  and  rough  hillsides  and  not  at  all  suited  for 
building  purposes. 

Jackson  Park 

Andrew  Jackson  Park  is  a  centrally  located  tract  of 
fertile  land,  comprising  about  thirty-five  acres,  sur¬ 
rounding  the  National  Cemetery.  It  is  covered  with 
a  fine  growth  of  native  timber.  Two  years  ago  the 
development  of  this  property  for  park  purposes  was 
begun  and  substantial  progress  has  been  made  in 
road-building  and  the  construction  of  entrance  gates 
and  shelters.  I  recommend  that  the  present  plans 
for  its  improvement,  which  seem  to  me  wise,  be 
continued. 

Orchard  Knob 

The  Federal  Government  owns  and  maintains  this 
small  park,  which  was  the  site  of  Grant’s  Headquarters. 

East  Lake  Park 

East  Lake  is  the  best  illustration  in  Chattanooga 
of  what  a  neighborhood  park  may  be.  It  is  small 

[6] 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


(about  15  acres),  and  somewhat  distant  from  the 
city,  and  yet  it  furnishes  the  nucleus  of  a  beautiful 
small  park.  I  strongly  recommend  that  the  additional 
property  shown  on  the  map  be  acquired,  extending 
the  present  park  to  the  Crest  Road  on  one  side  and  to 
the  Mission  Ridge  Circuit  Drive  on  the  other.  The 
city  would  then  have  a  park  of  nearly  40  acres,  well 
located  and  well  bounded,  and,  if  a  general  plan  were 
prepared  for  its  development,  it  would  prove,  I  am 
confident,  a  very  satisfactory  park. 

Woodland  Park 

The  50  or  60  acre  tract  of  well-grovm  woodland,  bor¬ 
dering  on  the  Rossville  Road  near  East  End  Avenue, 
is  one  of  the  few  remaining  opportunities  of  Chatta¬ 
nooga  to  secure  a  grove  of  large  trees  near  the  built-up 
sections  of  the  city.  I  recommend  its  acquisition. 

Harrison  Pike  Park 

This  triangular  tract  is  in  the  same  class  wdth  “Wood¬ 
land  Park,”  mentioned  above,  and  would  provide  a 
valuable  park  of  about  45  acres  in  a  section  that  is 
just  beginning  to  build  up  rapidly.  It  is  bordered  by 
Harrison  Pike,  McNiel  Avenue,  and  the  Southern 
Railway  tracks. 


4.  LARGE  OUTLYING  OR  SCENIC  RESERVATIONS 
Tennessee  River  Park 

At  the  mouth  of  South  Chickamauga  Creek,  border¬ 
ing  on  the  Tennessee  River,  is  a  high  and  sightly 
tract  of  150  acres  or  more,  covered  with  large  trees, 
which  is  an  almost  ready-made  park.  It  possesses 

[7] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


every  requirement  of  an  ideal  park  except  transporta¬ 
tion  facilities,  but,  as  it  is  only  three  miles  from  the 
centre  of  the  city,  there  can  be  no  question  that  car 
service  will  soon  be  provided  for  this  section.  Its 
acquisition  should  not  be  delayed. 

Moccasin  Bend 

One  of  Chattanooga’s  world-famous  points,  which 
should  not  remain  in  private  hands,  is  Moccasin  Bend. 
At  present  it  is  agricultural  land,  quite  unspoiled 
and  inexpensive.  It  would  pay  the  city  to  acquire 
now  several  hundred  acres  or  more  and  set  the  tract 
aside  for  future  development. 

Lookout  Mountain  Park 

Point  Park  on  Lookout  Mountain  is  already  a  park 
reservation  of  the  Federal  Government,  and  from  its 
heights  is  commanded  a  scene  rich  in  beauty  and 
historic  associations.  But  Point  Park  is  not  enough. 
The  ground  owned  by  the  Federal  Government  is 
limited  in  extent  and  in  use.  If  possible,  it  should  be 
supplemented  by  the  tract  of  30  acres  or  more  at  the 
top  of  the  Incline,  as  indicated  on  the  map.  It  is  not 
wise  for  the  people  of  Chattanooga  to  confine  their 
enjoyment  of  the  unique  opportunities  of  Lookout 
Mountain  to  the  little  piece  of  land  which  the  Federal 
Government  has  acquired  and  maintains  primarily 
as  a  military  memorial. 

The  River  Islands 

Chattanooga  Island,  Tow  Head  Island,  and  Williams 
Island  should  all  be  acquired  for  public  use.  Action 
now  would  be  relatively  easy. 


[8] 


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ox  MISSIOXARY  RIDGE 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


Stringer’s  Ridge 

It  is  a  question  of  judgment  whether  now  is  the  time 
or  later  for  the  city  of  Chattanooga  to  secure  the  land 
necessary  for  a  wild  mountain  park  on  Stringer’s  Ridge. 
A  comprehensive  park  system  should  ultimately  in¬ 
clude  such  a  reservation. 

Chickamauga  National  Park 

The  biggest  outlying  park  and  scenic  reservation  is 
that  established  by  the  Federal  Government,  two  and 
a  half  miles  from  Rossville,  on  the  site  of  the  battle¬ 
field.  It  is  finely  situated,  and  comprises  now  6,473 
acres.  It  is  true  that  the  character  of  development 
which  the  Government  has  adopted  for  its  military  parks 
does  not  render  the  reservation  ideal  for  recreation 
purposes,  and  yet  its  roads  and  trees  and  outlooks, 
not  to  mention  the  interest  of  monuments  and  forts, 
make  it  a  pleasure  ground  of  no  small  value. 


5.  DRIVES,  PARKWAYS,  AND  AVENUES 
Riverfront  Drive 

It  is  too  late  to  make  a  satisfactory  parkway  along  the 
Tennessee  River  in  front  of  the  built-up  section  of  the 
city,  but  it  ought  to  be  possible  to  secure  a  narrow 
drive  directly  on  the  river,  beginning  at  Chattanooga 
Creek  and  terminating  in  the  proposed  Tennessee 
River  Park  at  the  mouth  of  South  Chickamauga  Creek. 
Such  a  drive  could  be  so  planned  and  constructed  as 
not  to  interfere  seriously  with  the  industrial  and  business 
interests  on  the  Riverfront.  In  fact,  by  providing 
a  good,  continuous  road  on  easy  grades,  it  would  be 

[9] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


an  aid  to  these  interests.  I  consider  this  one  of  the 
most  practical,  important,  and  urgent  of  my  recom¬ 
mendations. 

HUl  City  River  Drive 

The  opportunity  which  has  been  lost  to  do  something 
really  good  on  the  Chattanooga  side  of  the  river  still 
remains  on  the  Hill  City  side.  Is  there  foresight 
enough  to  take  advantage  of  it?  At  the  present  time 
there  would  be  no  serious  difficulty  in  acquiring  the 
land  that  would  make  easy  later  on  the  construction 
of  a  beautiful  public  parkway  along  the  Hill  City  side 
of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Rossville  Road 

The  Rossville  Road  is  now,  and  probably  always  will 
be,  mainly  a  traffic  road.  Nevertheless,  because  of  its 
directness  and  width,  it  is  an  important  pleasure-drive 
connection  from  the  city  to  Rossville  and  beyond 
to  Chickamauga  Park.  The  proposed  drive  along 
Chattanooga  Creek  may  ultimately  divert  much  of 
the  pleasure  driving  from  the  Rossville  Road. 

The  Hooker  Road 

The  Hooker  Road  furnishes  a  somewhat  indirect  and 
yet  convenient  connection  from  Rossville  to  the  foot 
of  the  Lookout  Mountain  Incline  in  St.  Elmo,  a  dis¬ 
tance  of  nearly  four  miles.  I  believe  it  does  not  follow 
exactly  the  historic  route  of  General  Hooker,  which 
is  to  be  regretted.  It  is  also  to  be  regretted  that  this 
road,  in  common  with  nearly  all  the  other  roads  of 
the  Federal  Government,  is  of  such  inadequate  width 
(only  20  feet  clear  roadway)  and  completely  lacking 

[10] 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


in  planting  or  any  other  treatment  that  would  make 
its  environment  attractive  and  appropriate. 

Chattanooga  Creek  Parkway 

It  would  not  be  expensive  to  secure  a  strip  with  an 
average  width  of  1,000  feet,  following  Chattanooga 
Creek  from  the  Tennessee  River  to  the  Georgia  line, 
as  indicated  on  the  map.  While  some  of  this  land  is 
occasionally  flooded,  the  water  is  high  only  for  a  very 
limited  period.  This  parkway,  some  six  miles  in 
length,  would  be  of  great  use  and  beauty  and  furnish 
a  location  for  drives  and  open  spaces  that  could  not 
be  duplicated. 

South  Chickamauga  Creek  Parkway 

At  the  other  end  of  the  city  from  the  Chattanooga  Creek 
Parkw^ay  w’ould  be  the  South  Chickamauga  Creek  Park¬ 
way.  This  has  a  good  beginning  in  the  Tennessee 
River  Park,  and  from  there  could  be  gradually  extended 
until  in  time  it  reached,  perhaps,  the  great  Chicka¬ 
mauga  Park  of  the  Government.  The  valley  in  which 
this  creek  runs  is  even  more  rugged  and  more  lovely 
than  that  of  Chattanooga  Creek,  and  the  opportunity 
to  secure  it  for  a  parkway  is  now  so  favorable  that  it 
would  be  altogether  inexcusable  to  neglect  it. 

Mission  Ridge  Circuit  Drive 

The  Mission  Ridge  Circuit  Drive  alone,  if  carried  to 
its  logical  completion  and  properly  executed,  would 
lend  distinction  to  a  community.  It  should  include 
the  present  Crest  Road  of  the  Government,  and  a 
park  drive  of  adequate  width  and  right  character 
skirting  the  foot  of  the  ridge,  and  making  an  unbroken 

[11] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


circuit  of  about  thirteen  miles,  as  shown  on  the  general 
plan.  The  views  from  the  Crest  Road  of  city,  valley, 
and  mountain  are  unmatched,  so  far  as  I  know,  in  any 
American  city. 


In  addition  to  these  parkways  and  drives  there  are 
some  city  streets  that  should  be  considered  as  main 
avenues  affording  agreeable  connections  from  the  built- 
up  sections  of  the  city  to  the  outlying  parks  and  reserva¬ 
tions.  In  some  cases  it  will  be  possible  to  widen  and 
plant  these  avenues;  in  others,  while  widening  may  not 
now  be  practicable,  they  may  in  other  ways  be  regulated 
and  rendered  more  attractive.*  These  streets  are  as  fol¬ 
lows  : — 

Market  Street  (part  of) 

Eleventh  Street 
East  End  Avenue 
Missionary  Avenue 
Main  Street 
Ninth  Street  (part  of) 

Taken  together,  the  small  open  spaces,  playgrounds, 
parks,  parkways,  and  avenues,  outlined  above,  comprise 
a  fairly  complete  system  for  the  Chattanooga  of  to-day, 

*The  lack  of  foresight  displayed  by  the  Chattanooga  City  Council  in  1849 
is  illustrated  in  the  adoption  of  ordinances  reducing  the  width  of  streets. 
CjT)ress,  Poplar,  Walnut,  and  High  were  reduced  from  100  feet  to  60  feet;  Mar¬ 
ket  Street  was  reduced  to  100  feet;  Chestnut  Street,  from  100  feet  to  60  feet; 
Cherry  Street,  from  60  feet  to  40  feet;  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth, 
Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth,  and  Ninth  Streets,  from  66  feet  to  46  feet.  The  ordi¬ 
nance  states  “that  the  ground  taken  from  the  street  shall  be  added  to  the  lots 
respectively  to  which  it  adjoins,  and  shall  be  taken  and  held  as  constituting  a 
part  of  said  lots,  according  to  the  plan  of  the  town  and  shall  belong  to  the  owners 
thereof  respectively,  as  fully  and  completely  as  if  the  same  had  been  attached 
to  the  lots  according  to  the  original  plan  of  the  town.” 

[12] 


Broad  Street 
Georgia  Avenue 
McCallie  Avenue 
Harrison  Avenue 
Cowart  Street. 


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(HATTAXOOGA 


FHE  PROPOSED  SOTTH  rHIC  KAMAEGA  CREEK  PARKWAY 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


with  some  far-sighted  provision  for  the  larger  Chatta¬ 
nooga  of  the  future.  All  of  the  areas  referred  to  have 
been  indicated  on  the  plan  at  the  end  of  this  report,  en¬ 
titled  “General  Features  of  a  Park  System  for  Chatta¬ 
nooga.”  On  account  of  the  lack  of  any  satisfactory  map, 
especially  one  giving  the  topography,  it  is  impossible  to 
show  exact  boundaries  for  the  proposed  parks,  parkways, 
and  playgrounds.  However,  I  believe  that  the  boundaries 
are  indicated  with  sufficient  definiteness  for  our  present 
purposes.  Now,  we  need  to  get  consideration  and  action 
only  on  the  general  features  which  the  plan  presents. 
Later,  if  public  approval  is  obtained,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  take  up  the  planning  in  more  detail. 

The  actual  average  provision  for  parks  and  public 
grounds  for  American  cities  is  one  acre  for  every  two 
hundred  of  the  population.  The  cost  of  the  land,  taking 
expensive  and  inexpensive  property  together,  averages 
about  a  thousand  dollars  an  acre,  and  the  cost  of  con¬ 
struction,  while  it  varies  a  good  deal  in  different  communi¬ 
ties,  averages  nearly  another  thousand  dollars  an  acre. 
First-class  maintenance  amounts  to  about  a  hundred  or  a 
hundred  and  twenty  dollars  an  acre  per  annum.  If  we 
assume  that  the  real  Chattanooga  has  a  population  of 
100,000  or  more,  with  the  prospect  of  a  steady  increase 
in  the  future,  and  that  the  cost  of  land  here  is  below  the 
average,  these  figures  would  justify  a  city  park  system 
of  at  least  five  hundred  acres  and  an  outlay  for  land  and 
construction  of,  at  least,  $500,000;  and  for  annual  main¬ 
tenance  $25,000,  rising  gradually,  as  the  system  develops, 
to  $50,000.  Chattanooga  should  be  compared  in  the 
matter  of  parks  with  other  cities  of  its  class  in  various 
parts  of  the  country.  For  example,  take  such  cities  as 
Dayton,  Ohio;  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan;  Tacoma, 
Washington;  Wilmington,  Delaware;  Harrisburg,  Penn- 

[13] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


sylvania;  Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  Hartford,  Con¬ 
necticut  and  Oklahoma  City.  Dayton  has  six  parks, 
for  the  acquisition  of  which  it  has  issued  bonds  for  more 
than  $100,000.  One  of  its  small  parks  includes  a  field 
house,  with  gymnasium,  baths,  and  swimming  pool,  con¬ 
structed  at  a  cost  of  $130,000.  Grand  Rapids  has  parks 
comprising  several  hundred  acres  and  worth  $400,000. 
The  annual  appropriation  averages  $50,000.  Tacoma, 
Washington,  with  the  characteristic  public  spirit  of  the 
North-west,  has  secured  already  1,000  acres  of  parks  and 
levies  an  annual  tax  of  13^  mills  for  their  support.  Wfil- 
mington,  Delaware,  by  persistent  and  well-directed  efforts, 
has  acquired  and  improved  300  acres  of  parks  at  a  cost  for 
land  and  construction  of  about  half  a  million  dollars.  A 
loan  of  $250,000  is  now  being  proposed  for  new  parks  and 
playgrounds.  Harrisburg  has  now  749  acres  of  parks  and 
playgrounds,  for  the  acquisition  of  which  it  has  issued 
bonds  for  $250,000.  The  city  appropriates  annually  about 
$30,000  for  maintenance.  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
looks  to  the  Boston  Metropolitan  Park  system,  in  which 
it  is  included,  for  its  large  parks,  but  for  local  use  it  has 
many  small  parks,  playgrounds,  and  open  spaces  which 
are  now  valued  at  more  than  $4,000,000.  Its  park  loans 
amount  to  $1,519,000,  and  it  appropriates  about  $40,000 
a  year  for  park  maintenance.  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
one  of  the  most  progressive  of  small  American  cities, 
has  now  21  parks  and  open  spaces  with  a  total  of  1,335 
acres.  It  appropriates  in  the  neighborhood  of  $50,000 
a  year  for  maintenance  and  new  w^ork.  Oklahoma  City, 
with  less  population  than  Chattanooga,  has  officially 
adopted  a  plan  which  provides  for  1,966  acres  of  parks 
and  70  miles  of  parkways  and  boulevards.  A  bond  issue 
of  $400,000,  which  is  $8  per  capita,  has  been  approved 
by  the  people  by  a  vote  of  two  to  one. 

[14] 


LIST  OF  PARK  PROPERTIES 


These  figures  will  at  first  glance  appear  high  as  com¬ 
pared  with  what  Chattanooga  is  now  spending,  but  it 
should  be  remembered  that  the  city  is  at  present  back¬ 
ward  in  the  matter  of  parks.  Moreover,  this  expense 
would  be  distributed  over  a  period  of  years.  The  value 
of  land,  if  carefully  purchased,  would  always  equal, 
indeed  soon  exceed,  the  total  cost  of  acquisition  and  con¬ 
struction  with  interest;  and  the  cost  for  maintenance 
would  be  covered  by  an  expense  of  less  than  fifty  cents 
a  year  per  capita,  which  is  a  low  charge,  considering  the 
benefits  that  each  citizen  would  receive.  But,  to  justify 
Chattanooga  in  proceeding  in  this  large  and  business¬ 
like  way,  ample  grounds  should  be  selected  in  various 
sections,  somewhat  as  proposed,  which  would  provide 
for  many  years  a  comprehensive  system  for  different 
forms  of  recreation  and  for  all  the  people  of  the  city. 


III.  Park  Akmmtatrattnn 


The  recent  act  of  the  State  Legislature,  changing  the 
form  of  the  city  government  of  Chattanooga  from  the 
present  type  to  that  of  the  commission  form,  means  a 
reorganization  of  all  city  departments,  including  the  park 
department.  It  may,  therefore,  be  timely  and  of  some 
slight  advantage  to  outline  the  points  that  have  been 
found  by  experience  to  be  of  greatest  importance  in 
the  effective  organization  and  administration  of  parks. 

First  with  regard  to  the  composition  of  the  park 
board  or  commission,  the  best  results  have  been  secured 
usually  from  a  body  composed  of  not  less  than  three 
nor  more  than  five  members,  serving  without  pay,  and 
with  overlapping  and  rather  long  terms  of  service. 
The  president  of  the  board  should  be  a  distinctly  able 
administrator,  accustomed  to  large  affairs  and  resource¬ 
ful.  He  should  have  some  measure  of  constructive  im¬ 
agination,  high  ideals,  and  sympathy  with  the  people. 
Moreover,  it -is  of  great  advantage  if  he  has  had  some  of 
the  fruits  of  travel,  acquainting  him  at  first  hand  with 
the  parks  and  public  improvements  of  other  cities.  The 
success  of  the  park  work  of  a  city,  especially  in  its  initial 
stages,  must  rest  very  largely  in  the  selection  of  the  right 
man  to  head  the  park  board. 

The  other  members  of  the  board  should  be  men  of 
good  taste,  men  capable  of  judging  accurately  what  is 
appropriate  in  the  form  of  development  for  this  or  that 
park.  They  should  possess  a  nice  discrimination  as  to 
the  best  means  to  employ  to  produce  consistent  effects. 
It  is  not  yet  customary  to  appoint  women  on  park  boards, 

[16] 


PARK  ADMINISTRATION 


but  many  of  them  possess  the  qualifications  that  are  most 
desirable.  They  have  often  a  love  of  nature,  a  knowledge 
of  art  and  familiarity  with  the  purposes  of  parks,  espe¬ 
cially  the  relation  of  parks  and  playgrounds  to  children, 
which  men  do  not  possess  to  the  same  degree. 

The  board  of  park  commissioners  should  confine 
itself  to  questions  of  general  policy.  It  should  not 
attempt  to  make  plans  or  designs  for  park  grounds,  to 
administer  park  laws  and  regulations,  nor  to  supervise 
park  maintenance.  Advice  as  to  the  selection  of  land 
for  parks,  plans  for  their  laying  out  and  construction, 
and  occasional  suggestions  as  to  their  up-keep  should  be 
secured  from  well-qualified  landscape  architects,  experts, 
who  have  gathered  up  the  best  results  of  study  and  ex¬ 
perience  in  this  diflScult  field  of  art.  There  is  danger 
of  serious  mistakes,  if  dependence  is  placed  upon  men 
who  as  engineers  or  gardeners  know  only  a  part  of  the 
work,  for  the  final  and  highest  justification  of  parks 
is  their  beauty;  and,  if  they  lack  appropriate,  permanent, 
and  ever-increasing  beauty,  they  fail,  and  the  money 
spent  for  their  construction  and  maintenance  has  been 
largely  wasted. 

The  execution  of  the  plans  of  the  professional  land¬ 
scape  architect,  the  selection  of  park  employees,  and  the 
detailed  administration  of  the  park  work  should  be 
intrusted  to  a  trained  superintendent.  While  his  quali¬ 
fications  are  different  from  those  of  the  landscape  archi¬ 
tect,  they  are  of  a  high  order,  and  the  success  or  failure 
of  the  parks  as  works  of  landscape  art  and  their  right 
use  by  the  people  will  depend  largely  upon  the  super¬ 
intendent.  Landseape  art  is  different  from  any  other, 
except  the  art  of  city  making  which  includes  it,  in  that 
it  is  an  art  which  deals  with  growing  things.  It  is  not 
fixed  like  a  painting,  a  statue,  or  a  building.  From  year 

[17] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


to  year  it  changes,  takes  on  new  forms  and  proportions. 
Therefore,  if  suitable  and  artistic  results  are  to  be  se¬ 
cured,  this  process  must  be  steadily  and  intelligently 
controlled  and  guided.  Such  work  requires  a  man  of 
taste  as  well  as  knowledge,  and  there  is  to-day  in  this 
field  an  increasing  demand  for  superintendents  of  high 
qualifications  to  serve  in  a  vocation  of  unusual  delight 
and  usefulness. 

If  a  park  board  is  to  proceed  economically  and  con¬ 
fidently  in  the  execution  of  large  plans  for  park  develop¬ 
ment,  it  must  be  independent  of  financial  or  other  control 
by  the  city  government.  Otherwise,  a  vacillating  policy 
must  be  expected,  inferior  results,  and  considerable 
waste  of  public  funds.  Independence  in  the  matter  of 
the  annual  appropriation  is  especially  important.  There 
should  be  a  law  giving  the  park  board  a  fixed  percentage, 
based  upon  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  city.  This 
automatic  method  is  sound,  because  the  regular  park  work 
increases  in  proportion  to  the  population  and  wealth. 
Unusual  needs  should  be  provided  for  by  additional 
appropriations  by  the  city  government,  in  excess  of  the 
regular  appropriation.  As  clear  a  line  as  possible  should 
be  drawn  between  maintenance,  on  the  one  hand,  and 
acquisition  of  land  and  permanent  construction,  on  the 
other.  Maintenance  expense  should  be  met  from  current 
funds,  but  the  cost  of  acquisition  and  permanent  con¬ 
struction  should  usually  be  provided  by  long-time  loans. 
The  most  indestructible  and  permanently  valuable  asset 
of  the  city  is  the  land  it  owns,  and  its  acquisition  should 
almost  invariably  be  provided  for  by  loans.  One  excep¬ 
tion  to  this  rule  is  when  the  method  of  payment  followed 
is  that  of  special  assessment  on  abutting  or  near-by  prop¬ 
erty.  Kansas  City  adopted  this  method  fifteen  years  ago, 
and  under  it  successfully  developed  its  entire  park  system, 

[18] 


PARK  ADMINISTRATION 


providing  for  an  expenditure  of  over  ten  million  dol¬ 
lars  without  the  issue  of  any  bonds  whatever. 

In  park  administration,  then,  the  points  of  greatest 
importance  to  keep  in  mind  are  the  composition  of  the 
park  commission,  the  adoption  of  a  sound  general  policy, 
the  liberal  use  of  expert  designers,  the  employment  of 
a  highly  qualified  superintendent,  and  entire  freedom 
from  political  control.  The  park  board  may  then  be¬ 
come  an  effective  instrument  for  serving  all  the  people 
of  the  city,  contributing  in  innumerable  ways  to  their 
health  and  joy. 

Chattanooga  has  great  natural  advantages.  Its  noble 
river,  its  bold  ridges,  its  unique  Lookout  Mountain,  its 
fertile  land,  are  all  real  resources.  Its  climate  averages 
43°  in  winter,  77°  in  summer,  60°  in  spring  and  autumn. 
In  historic  associations  it  is  equalled  by  few  American 
cities,  and,  as  a  result,  we  have  the  great  parks  and  their 
approaches  created  by  the  Federal  Government,*  and  the 
graceful  shafts,  memorials  to  war  heroes,  erected  by  the 
several  States.  Chattanooga  is  growing  by  leaps  and 
bounds,  steadily  advancing  in  wealth,  in  industry,  in 
population.  In  a  decade  its  banking  capital  has  in¬ 
creased  92  per  cent.;  its  deposits,  181  per  cent.;  the  num¬ 
ber  of  industries,  77  per  cent. ;  the  value  of  its  products, 
229  per  cent.  Chattanooga’s  increase  in  population  has 
kept  pace  with  its  increase  in  wealth  and  industry,  jump¬ 
ing  from  49,706  to  94,000  in  a  decade, — a  population, 
too,  that  is  noted  for  its  energy  and  progressiveness 
and  drawn  from  almost  every  State  in  the  Union. 

What  does  Chattanooga  lack.f^  Not  only  the  members 

*Iii  the  neighborhood  of  Chattanooga  the  Federal  Government  has  ac¬ 
quired  as  parks  or  park  approaches  6,875  acres  at  a  total  cost  of  $314,990,  and 
appropriates  for  their  maintenance  an  average  of  $75,000  or  $80,000  a  year. 

[19] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SA^STEM 


of  the  Park  Commission,  but  the  business  men  generally, 
have  been  open-minded  enough  to  recognize  that  the 
city  lacks  a  modern  city  park  system,  a  comprehensive 
plan  for  the  prompt  acquisition  and  orderly  development 
of  parks  and  other  pleasure  grounds.  Its  park  posses¬ 
sions  at  present  are  small  indeed.  Including  the  65  acres 
in  Jackson  Park  given  by  the  Federal  Government,  the 
city  owns  less  than  100  acres  in  parks.  It  has  no  play¬ 
grounds  and,  what  is  even  more  surprising,  no  parkways 
or  pleasure  drives  connecting  the  city  with  the  National 
Parks  in  the  neighborhood.  The  statement  that  Chatta¬ 
nooga  has  depended  too  much  and  too  long  upon  “God 
and  the  Government”  appears  to  have  some  justifica¬ 
tion. 

The  importance  of  a  comprehensive  park  sj^stem  to  the 
business  success  as  well  as  the  health  and  pleasure  of  a 
city  is  now  widely  recognized  and  often  commented  upon. 
Morris  Knowles,  a  distinguished  sanitary  engineer, 
in  writing  recently  on  “The  Development  of  Municipal 
Utilities  in  the  South,”  said:  “We  hear  a  great  deal 
about  attracting  industrial  and  manufacturing  concerns 
to  a  community  by  all  sorts  of  inducements,  free  water 
and  free  power  for  a  time;  free  sites,  low  or  no  taxation, 
and  for  a  while  even  cash  bonuses.  But  there  is  a  higher, 
better,  and  more  certain  standard  determining  the  de¬ 
sirability  of  location.  The  careful,  conservative  business 
man  or  manufacturer  wdll  look  further  than  the  short- 
time  effect  of  the  above-named  conditions.  He  will 
ask  not  only  wUat  are  your  natural  facilities,  and  what 
are  the  inducements  you  will  offer  for  a  period  of  time,  as 
above,  but  more  important  still,  what  are  your  provisions 
for  public  utilities,  what  of  the  methods  and  efficiency 
and  honesty  of  your  governmental  forces  as  they  affect 
the  life  of  your  community,  and  are  they  actuated  by 

[20] 


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CHATTANOOGA  CREEK,  ONE  OF  THE  PROPOSED  PARKWAYS 


PARK  ADMINISTRATION 


honest,  right  living,  efficient  effort?  Are  you  planning 
for  commodious,  sanitary,  and  safe  housing  facilities 
and  a  proper  building  code?  Are  you  planning  for  the 
health  of  the  community  by  a  clear  and  pure  water  supply 
and  sanitary  disposal  of  sewage,  household  refuse,  and 
waste?  Are  you  planning  for  proper  transit  and  traffic 
facilities  that  the  people  can  get  about  to  and  from  work 
and  to  the  shopping  districts  comfortably  and  easily? 
Are  you  planning  for  good,  well-administered  schools, 
playgrounds,  small  open-air  spaces,  and  larger  parks, 
with  plenty  of  opportunities  for  the  children  to  grow 
up  in  a  normal,  open-air,  healthful  existence?  We  are 
fast  coming  to  the  time,  if  it  is  not  already  here,  when 
the  manufacturer,  for  his  own  advantage  and  his  own 
pocket-book,  because  his  help  will  thus  stay  with  him 
as  well  as  because  of  his  broad  humanitarian  view-point, 
will  ask  these  last  questions  largely,  rather  than  how 
much  power,  water,  or  land  can  I  get  free  or  how  many 
years’  freedom  from  taxation.” 

The  first  and  last  need  of  a  city,  the  one  that  out¬ 
weighs  all  others,  is  civic  spirit  and  the  expression  of 
that  spirit  in  great  and  enduring  public  works,  erected 
for  the  common  welfare.  Chief  among  these,  according 
to  modern  standards  and  modern  necessities,  is  a  system 
of  parks,  playgrounds,  and  open  spaces,  adequate  in 
extent,  artistic  in  design,  scientific  in  construction,  and 
liberal  in  maintenance.  In  Chattanooga  the  first  step, 
but  only  the  first  step,  has  been  taken  toward  the  forma¬ 
tion  of  such  a  system.  It  now  rests  with  the  com¬ 
munity  to  express  its  civic  spirit,  to  manifest  its  faith 
in  the  future  of  Chattanooga  by  rallying  to  the  support 
of  the  Park  Commission  and  the  great  work  which  it 
has  inaugurated. 


[21] 


MEMORABILIA  ON  PARK  MAKING  SELECTED 
FROM  THE  WRITINGS  OF  FREDERICK 
LAW  OLMSTED,  SR. 

“/n  scarcely  anything  to  be  determined  by  local  public  opinion 
acting  influentially  upon  local  legislation  and  administration, 
is  a  city  as  likely  to  be  so  much  made  or  marred  for  all  its  future 
as  in  proceedings  in  prosecution  of  a  park  project.** 

It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  public  grounds  of  most  cities 
have  come  to  be  what  they  are  and  where  they  are  by  various  de¬ 
tached  and  desultory  proceedings,  of  which  the  result,  as  a  whole, 
illustrates  penny-wise  pound-foolish  wisdom.** 

A  man*s  eyes  cannot  be  as  much  occupied  as  they  are  in  large 
cities  by  artificial  things,  or  by  natural  things  seen  under  ob¬ 
viously  artificial  conditions,  without  a  harmful  effect,  first  on  his 
mental  and  nervous  system  and  ultimately  on  his  entire  consti¬ 
tutional  organization.  .  .  .  Relief  from  this  evil  is  to  be  obtained 
through  the  enjoyment  of  pleasing  rural  scenery.** 

**  The  value  of  no  rural  park  to  the  people  who  habitually  use 
it  would  be  seriously  impaired  if  every  scrap  of  ornament  to  be 
found  upon  it  should  fall  to  decay  or  be  effaced.** 

Scenery  is  more  than  an  object  or  a  series  of  objects;  more 
than  a  spectacle,  more  than  a  scene  or  a  series  of  scenes,  more 
than  a  landscape,  and  other  than  a  series  of  landscapes.  .  .  .  But 
there  is  no  beautiful  scenery  that  does  not  give  the  mind  an  emo¬ 
tional  impulse  different  from  that  resulting  from  whatever  beauty 
may  be  found  in  a  room,  courtyard,  or  garden.** 

No  city  possessed  of  a  rural  park  regrets  its  purchase.** 

**It  cannot  be  questioned  that  a  rural  park  is  rapidly  coming 
to  be  ranked  among  the  necessities  of  satisfactory  city  life.** 

[22] 


MEMORABILIA  ON  PARK  MAKING 


“No  matter  what  may  he  ultimately  expended  for  a  parky  its 
value  cannot  fail  to  he  largely  determined  hy  the  expectations  and 
usage  of  it  into  which  the  public  is  led  in  the  early  years  of  their 
resort  to  it” 

**The  only  justification  of  a  large  park  near  a  growing  city 
is  the  necessity  of  spaciousness  to  the  production  of  rural  scenery.” 

**  The  question  of  the  economy  of  what  is  proposed  in  the  plan 
for  a  park  is  less  a  question  of  what  the  work  of  construction  will 
cost  than  of  what  ever  afterwards  will  he  required  for  reconstruc- 
tioUy  repairs  and  for  pursuing  a  system  of  maintenance  adapted 
to  secure  its  intended  qualities  of  heautyy  and  keep  it  in  suitable 
order  for  its  intended  uses.” 

“  That  those  in  charge  of  a  park  work  may  proceed  economically 
and  with  profit  they  must  he  able  to  proceed  with  confidence  y  method 
and  systemy  steadilyy  step  after  stepy  to  carry  to  completion  a 
well-matured  design.” 

**For  every  thousand  dollars  judiciously  invested  in  a  park 
the  dividends  to  the  second  generation  of  the  citizens  possessing 
it  will  he  much  larger  than  to  the  first;  the  dividends  to  the  third 
generation  much  larger  than  to  the  second.” 

**  It  is  an  important  test  of  the  value  of  a  park  that  it  should 
he  found  of  such  a  character y  so  finished  and  provided  with  such 
servicCy  that  a  housekeeping  woman  would  always  find  a  visit  to 
it  economical y  restfuly  tranquillizing  and  refreshing  y  for  herself 
and  her  household.” 

highly  important  part  of  the  business  of  a  park  is  that  of 
arresting  the  progress  of  diseasey  hastening  recoveryy  and  con- 
servating  the  strength  of  the  weak  and  the  infirm  of  a  city.” 

The  chief  end  of  a  large  park  is  an  effect  on  the  human  organ¬ 
ism  hy  an  action  of  what  it  presents  to  vieWy  which  actiony  like 
that  of  musicy  is  of  a  kind  that  goes  hack  of  thoughty  and  cannot 
he  fully  given  the  form  of  words.” 


[23] 


SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PARKS  AND 

RELATED  TOPICS 


A  Comprehensive  System  of  Parks  for  St.  Paul.  As  pro¬ 
posed  by  A.  B.  Stickney. 

A  Decade  of  Civic  Development.  Charles  Zueblin. 

A  Development  of  Public  Grounds  in  Cities  and  Vil- 
u\GES.  (The  Clemson  Agricultural  College  Extension 
Work.)  George  A.  Parker. 

An  Essay  on  the  Picturesque,  etc.  Sir  Uvedale  Price. 

A  Normal  Course  in  Play.  The  Playground  Association  of 
America. 

A  Park  System  for  Cincinnati.  George  E.  Kessler. 

A  Summer’s  Work  Abroad,  in  School  Grounds,  Home 
Grounds,  Playgrounds,  Parks,  and  Forests.  Mira 
Lloyd  Dock. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Landscape 
Gardening.  A.  J.  Downing. 

American  Park  Systems.  Report  of  the  Philadelphia  Allied 
Organizations. 

American  Playgrounds.  E.  B.  Mero. 

Annual  Park  Reports.  Boston;  Metropolitan  Park  Com¬ 
mission,  Boston;  Chicago;  Hartford,  Connecticut;  Balti¬ 
more;  Madison,  Wisconsin;  Portland,  Oregon;  Portland, 
Maine;  Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  Seattle;  Rochester; 
Savannah;  Kansas  City;  Dayton,  Ohio;  Tacoma;  Wil¬ 
mington,  Delaware;  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan;  and  others. 

Beautifying  and  Improving  Greenville,  South  Carolina. 
Kelsey  and  Guild. 

Charles  Eliot,  Landscape  Architect.  Charles  W.  Eliot. 

Chattanooga  Park  System.  John  Nolen. 

Children’s  Gardens  for  Pleasure  and  Health.  Henry 
G.  Parsons. 


[24] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


City  Developmext:  A  Study  of  Parks,  Gardens,  and 
Culture  Institutes.  Patrick  Geddes. 

City  Making  in  Wisconsin.  John  Nolen. 

City  Planning.  F.  L.  Olmsted.  Published  by  American 
Ci\dc  Association. 

Cmcs  AND  Health.  William  W.  Allen. 

CoDiiAN  Bibliography  of  Landscape  Architectltre.  Bos¬ 
ton  Public  Library. 

Commons,  Forests,  and  Footpaths.  Lord  Eversley. 

Comprehensive  Planning  for  S^lill  Towns  and  Cities. 

John  Nolen. 

CoNSTRUCTH'E  AND  Preventr'e  Phiu^nthropy.  Joseph  Lee. 

Development  of  Public  Grounds  for  Greater  Baltimore. 

Olmsted  Brothers. 

Development  of  the  Feeling  for  Nature.  Alfred  Biese. 

Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Sr.,  and  his  Work.  Studies  of 
Mount  Royal,  Montreal,  and  Franklin  Park,  Boston: 
John  Nolen. 

French  and  Other  Continental  Systems  of  Taking  Land 
FOR  Public  Pctrposes.  House  Report  No.  288,  Common¬ 
wealth  of  Massachusetts. 

Ger]vl\n  Cities.  Frederic  C.  Howe. 

Kansas  City  Park  System.  George  H.  Kessler. 
Landscape.  Philip  Gilbert  Hamerton. 

Landscape  Beautiful.  F.  A.  Waugh. 

Landscape  Gardening  Studies.  Samuel  Parsons. 

;\L\dison  a  Model  City.  John  Nolen. 

Modern  Civic  Art.  Charles  Mulford  Robinson. 

Municipal  Engineering  and  Sanitation.  M.  N.  Baker. 
National  Parks.  John  Muir. 

Notes  on  the  Plan  of  Franklin  Park,  Boston.  Frederick 
Law  Olmsted,  Sr. 

Observations  on  Modern  Gardening.  Thomas  WTiately. 

[25] 


CHATTANOOGA  PARK  SYSTEM 


Park  Areas  and  Open  Spaces  in  American  and  European 
Cities.  (In  American  Statistical  Association  publica¬ 
tions,  New  Series,  Vol.  1,  No.  2,  3,  pp.  49-61.)  E.  R.  L. 
Gould. 

Park  Laws  and  Ordinances.  See  Reports  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut;  Boston;  Minneapolis;  Portland,  Oregon; 
Peoria,  Illinois;  Madison,  Wisconsin;  and  Baltimore. 

Park  System  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Burnham, 
McKim,  Saint- Gaudens,  and  Olmsted. 

Planning  and  Developing  a  City  Park  System.  Report 
to  the  Park  Board  of  Portland,  Oregon.  Olmsted  Brothers. 

Principles  of  City  Land  Values.  Richard  M.  Hurd. 

Public  Parks.  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Sr. 

Public  Recreation  Facilities.  Annals  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  February,  1910. 

Publications  of  American  Civic  Association;  American  So¬ 
ciety  of  Landscape  Architects;  American  Association  of 
Park  Superintendents;  American  Scenic  and  Historic 
Preservation  Societv;  National  Trust  for  Places  of  His- 
toric  Interest  or  Natural  Beauty  (English);  Metropolitan 
Public  Gardens  Association  (London). 

San  Diego,  a  Comprehensive  Plan  for  its  Improvement. 
John  Nolen. 

Shall  Theoretical  and  Practical  Agricultltre  and  the 
Physical  Development  of  Childhood  be  added  to 
THE  Curriculum  of  the  City  Public  Schools?  A.  B. 
Stickney. 

Special  Articles  on  Parks  in  Johnson’s  Encyclopaedia, 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  and  Encyclopaedia  of  Social 
Reform. 

Specl\l  Nl^mbers  of  “Charities”  on  “Parks,”  “Play,” 
AND  “City  Planning,”  dated  July  7,  1906,  Aug.  3,  1907, 
Feb.  1,  1908. 

State  Parks  for  Wisconsin.  John  Nolen. 

[26] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Replanning  the  City  of  Reading.  John  Nolen. 

Reports  of  the  South  Park  Commissioners,  Chicago,  on 
Playgrounds.  1905,  1906-08. 

Report  upon  a  System  of  Public  Reservations  for  the 
Metropolitan  District  of  Providence. 

The  Art  of  Landscape  Gardening.  By  Sir  Humphrey  Rep- 
ton.  John  Nolen,  editor. 

The  Awakening  of  Harrisburg.  J.  Horace  McFarland. 

The  First  County  Park  System.  Frederick  W.  Kelsey. 

The  Improvement  of  Columbia,  S.C.  Kelsey  and  Guild. 

The  Improvement  of  Towns  and  Cities.  Charles  Mulford 
Robinson. 

The  ^Iaking  of  a  Park  System  in  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 

John  Nolen. 

The  Parks  and  Recreation  Facilities  in  the  United 
States.  John  Nolen. 

The  People  at  Play.  Rollin  Lynde  Hartt. 

The  Treatment  of  Nature  in  English  Poetry  between 
Pope  and  Wordsworth.  Myra  Reynolds. 

Water  Parks.  John  Woodbury. 

What  is  Needed  in  American  City  Planning.  John  Nolen, 


MAGAZINES  AND  PERIODICALS 

Landscape  Architecture.  New  York  City. 

The  American  City.  New  York  City. 

Park  and  Cemetery.  Chicago. 

The  Playground.  New  York  City. 

The  Town  Planning  Review.  Liverpool,  England. 
Garden  Cities  and  Town  Planning.  London,  England, 
Der  Stadtebau.  Berlin. 


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A  PARK  SYSTEM  FOR  CHATTANOOGA  TENNESSEE 


PARK  COMMISSIOK 
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